CLIMATE OF THE 21st CENTURY – Changes and Risks

Chapter 1: CLIMATE AND ITS VARIABILITY

1.1 Climate and Climate System (Hupfer)
1.2 The Significance of the General Circulation in Atmosphere and the Ocean for Climate (Steinrücke)
1.3 Effect of Earth Orbital and Solar variability on Climate (Mende & Stellmacher)
1.4 The Volcanic Impact on Global Atmosphere and Climate (Sachs & Graf)
1.5 The Carbon Cycle within the Climate System (Würth, Häger & Kohlmaier)
1.6 El Niño/Southern-Oszillation-Phenomenon (Latif & Endlicher)
1.7 The History of Climate from the Early Stages of the Holocene (Ehlers)
1.8 Causes of Climate Changes in the Quaternary (Wefer)
1.9 The Ice of the Earth (Herterich)
1.10 Climate History of the last 40,000 Years in the Old World (Frenzel)
1.11 Influence of Climate Change on the Upper Timber Line in the Alps since the Last Glaciation (Pott, Bauerochse & Katenhusen)
1.12 Dendroclimatology of the last 12,000 Years (Frenzel)
1.13 Influence of the Climate on the History of Humankind (Lozán)
1.14 Responses of Lakes to Climate Variability (Lozán, Merkt & Pachur)

Chapter 2: ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE OH THE CLIMATE

2.1 Observed Climate Change within the 19th and 20th Century: Danger Ahead? (Schönwiese & Hupfer)
2.2 The Natural and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect – Changing Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere due the Human Activities (Seiler & Hahn)
2.3 Air Traffic and Climate (Schumann)
2.4 Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Tropospheric Aerosols in Climate Evolution (Schulz)
2.5 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere (Wahner)
2.6 Formation of Surface Layer Ozone and Development of Summer Smog (Fiedler)
2.7 The Role of Land Use for Climate Change (Hüttl, Bens & Schneider)
2.8 Changes of the Forest (Dörfler & Mitlöhner)

Chapter 3: CLIMATE OF THE 21ST CENTURY: CHANGES AND CONSEQUENCES

3.1 Natural Climate Variability and Anthroponic Climate Change (Hegerl, Hasselmann & Latif)
3.2 Conditions and Potentials for Climate Projections (Gerstengarbe)
3.3 Change in the General Circulation of the Atmosphere (Roeckner)
3.4 Simulations of Regional Climate Change (Cubasch)
3.5 Is the Hydrological Cycle Intensifying? (Jacob)
3.6 Statistical Investigation of Precipitation Changes from a Hydrological Viewpoint (Bardossy)
3.7 Water Cycles in the Climate System (Raschke & Warrach)
3.8 The Alternative: Natural Climate Change – Do we have to expect a New Glacial? (Thiede & Tiedemann)
3.9 Changes in North Atlantic (Latif & Meincke)
310 Implications of Climate Change on Sea Level (Sterr)
3.11 The Response of Polar Sea Ice to Climate Variability and Change (Eiken & Lemke)
3.12 Glaciers as Key Indicator of Global Climate Change (Haeberli, Hoelzle & Maisch)
3.13 Changes of the Polar Ice Sheets (Huybrechts)
3.14 → Climate Change and its Consequences for Permafrost (Siegert & Hubberten)
3.15 → Desertification (Pilardeaux & Schulz-Baldes)
3.16 → Sensitivity of Mountain Regions to Climate Change (Beniston & Haeberli)
3.17 → Coastal Zones at Risk (Sterr)
3.18 → Case Study: The Effects of the Extreme Hot- and Dry-Summer of 1992 in North Germany (Kartschall & Flechsig)
3.19 → Extremes and Climate Change (Cubasch & Kasang)
3.20 → Change of the Global Vegetation (Claussen & Cramer)
3.21 → Response of Marine Phytoplankton to Carbon Dioxide Increase (Riebesell)
3.22 → The Role and Development of Coral Reefs (Reinicke & Schuhmacher)
3.23 → Natural and Anthropogenic Variability in the Arctic Marine Ecosystem (Gradinger)
3.24 → Birds and Climate Change (Bairlein & Winkel)
3.25 → The Effect of Climate on Fish Population (v.Westernhagen & Schnack)
3.26 → Inlands Water and Climate Variations (Hupfer)
3.27 → Interaction of Climate and Biodiversity
3.28 → The Effects of Increased Ultraviolett-B Radiation on the Biosphere (Forster & Kestler)
3.29 → Change in the Occurence of Plant Diseases, Pests, and Beneficials (Jahn & Freier)
3.30 → The Impacts of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Flora and Fauna (Neuhaus, Dykema & Reinke)
3.31 → Climate Change and Water Availability (Hoff)
3.32 → Consequences for Agriculture and Forestry (Hörmann & Chmielewski)
3.33 → Diseases and Climate Change (Dobler & Jendritzky)
3.34 → Hazards by Enhanced UV-Irradiation (Greinert, Breitbart & Volkmer)
3.35 → Urban Climate und Global Climate Change (Kuttler)
3.36 → Does Climate Change lead to Violent Conflict? (Sprinz)

Chapter 4: WHAT IS DONE?

4.1 International Climate Protection – Rio, Berlin and Kyoto (Singer)
4.2 The Politics of the Science of Climate Change (Helm & Schellnhuber)
4.3 International Climate Protection Agreements, Protocols, and Regional Accords (Müller-Kraenner & Grittner)
4.4 Economics, Climate Change, and the Economy (Müller & Müller)
4.5 Legal Outline (Kloepfer)
4.6 Energy Consumtpion and Kyoto Protocol (Pankrath)
4.7 Enhancing the Carbon Dioxide Sink Potential (Augustin & Eschner)
4.8 Challenges to the Protection of Coasts and Islands (Schirmer)
4.9 Climatic Change: Effects on and Possible Responses by the Insurance Industry (Berz)

Chapter 5: SUMMARY: WARNING SIGNALS FROM CLIMATE (Hupfer, Lozán & Grassl)

Chapter 6: OUTLOOK: STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH AND CLIMATE PROTECTION (Grassl)

Chapter 7: GLOSSARY

Chapter 8: LITERATURE